Chengfang Li¹, Shahrear Ahmad^2*, Cougui Cao¹

¹MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Researches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 4300, PR China

²Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh

Abstract

We have tested the tillage combination to study methods that help curtail the release of greenhouse gasses from rice paddy fields have had on the climate and contrasted the potential outcomes for rice production (Oryza sativa L.), no-tillage plus no fertilizer (NT0), conventional tillage plus no fertilizer (CT0), conventional tillage plus compound fertilizer (CTC), no-tillage plus compound fertilizer (NTC) by measuring ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) from paddy fields for rice throughout the year of 2018 in the subtropical area of central China. The mean NH₃ volatilization in CT0 was 9.55% greater than that in NT0 by (p>0.05), and for NTC, it was 11.30% (p>0.05) lower than in CTC. In comparison to CT0, the mean CH₄ emission flux in NT0 was 1.12% (p>0.05) lower, but the mean CH₄ emission flux in CTC was 28.34% (p> 0.05) higher than that in NTC. The mean N₂O emission flux in NT0 was 174.72% (p˂0.05) lower than in CT0. The average flux of N₂O emission in CTC was 47.90% (p˃ 0.05) greater than in NTC. We compared the IGWPs based on N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emission flux. CT0 had the lowest (non-significant) recorded amount at 12097.43KgCO₂.ha^-1 of GWPs, which was only 397.5KgCO₂.ha^-1 lower than that in NT0. CTC had the highest recorded amount at 20042.72KgCO₂.ha^-1 of GWPs, which was 2292.53KgCO₂.ha^-1 higher than that reported in NTC. NTC system to be the superior, sustainable method for mitigating the harmful effects of GHG emissions contributing to the climate crisis by way of rice production in rice paddy fields.

Keywords: Rice cultivation, Climate crisis, No-tillage, Conventional tillage, GHG, NH₃ volatilisation

Runglawan Sudmoon¹, Sanit Kaewdaungdee², Unchaleeporn Ameamsri², Warin Wonok², Tawatchai Tanee³, Pornnarong Siripiyasing⁴, Arunrat Chaveerach^2*

¹Faculty of Law, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

²Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

³Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Thailand

⁴Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Thailand

Abstract

The various properties of Garcinia atroviridis (Ga), G. schomburgkiana (Gs), Camellia sinensis (Cs) and Morus alba (Ma) were investigated, aimed at finding cholesterol lowering and lipase inhibiting effects. Their phytochemical components of the species were determined by GC-MS and HPLC. The total flavonoids, phenolics and polysaccharides were measured. The inhibition percentage of CEase and PPL were determined. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests in the samples were examined. The results are as followed: The various key phytochemicals distributed in all the studied species were revealed such as stigmasterol, catechol, γ-sitosterol, β-amyrin, caffeine, and squalene. An HPLC chromatogram revealed the amount and concentration of HCA in Ga and Gs, and catechin and catechol in Ga, Gs, Cs, and Ma. The highest and second highest inhibition percentages of CEase in Ga and Formula I were at 77.02±0.27 and 67.61±0.26, and PPL and Formula I in Gs at 77.92±0.59 and 78.31±0.07 compared to orlistat inhibition percentage of 84.72±0.17 and 80.83±0.38, but in different concentrations of orlistat at 10 mg/ml and Formula 1 at 3 mg/ml. Toxicity assays exhibited no IC₅₀ values in all samples, but ethanol Gs and Cs extracts and methanol Ma extract induced DNA damages significantly (p<0.01). However, from the LD₅₀ values calculated at the concentrations used, there are no effects on humans. Therefore, the studied plants and Formulas at identical concentration, 10 mg/ml would definitely show a higher inhibition effect than orlistat in reducing cholesterol and inhibiting lipase activity leading to an innovation for weight loss and high cholesterol treatments without any side effects.

Keywords: Garcinia schomburgkiana, Garcinia cambogia, Camellia sinensis, Morus alba cholesterol lowering, Lipase activity