Diversity and marine sustainability of Setiu wetland: modified calcium phosphate from Tamban bones as alternative sunscreen materials

Abstract

Fringescale sardinella or Tamban sisik bones have been discovered can be utilized as sunscreen agent in cosmeceuticals. Its flesh is the main ingredient in keropok lekor or fish crackers in Malaysia and the bones contained very high hydroxyapatite (HAp), (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) compound which exhibit as UV light absorber. The percentage yields obtained from the hydrothermal extraction consist of 41.2 ± 0.66 % (w/w) of HAp which was almost half of the dry weight of 100 g samples. The additional of manganese and ferum, initiated the novel sunscreen materials from hydroxyapatite-Fe and hydroxyapatite-Mn doped (modified bones). The unmodified HAp recorded with SPF 20 and modified HAp-Mn measured with SPF 40. Modified HAp-Fe emulsions were recorded with SPF 50 as the highest SPF value. Therefore, the bones have been characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and x-Ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The results obtained clearly indicated that the HAp existence in waste of Fringescale sardinella bones with addition of FeCl2 which exhibits high potential as sunscreen compared to manganese and unmodified bones. Thus, the utilization of waste from the fish bones not only produce value-added products from low-cost resources, but also help in reducing pollution to the environment and preserved the global sustainability.